2.1.7 Lambdas

What was the problem

How would we pass a custom comparator to std::max_element before C++11, say to compare strings by increasing size? Certainly by writing a free or static function taking two strings as arguments and returning the result of the comparison.

// Comparator for strings by increasing size. 
// Declared as a free function. 
static bool string_size_less_equal 
(const std::string& lhs, const std::string& rhs) 
{ 
  return lhs.size() < rhs.size(); 
} 
 
std::size_t 
largest_string_size(const std::vector<std::string>& strings) 
{ 
  // The comparator is outside the scope of this function. 
  return 
    std::max_element 
      (strings.begin(), strings.end(), &string_size_less_equal) 
    ->size(); 
}

Now what if we needed a parameterized comparator, for example to call std::find_if to search for a string of a specific size? The free function would not allow to store the size, so we would certainly write a functor object, i.e. a struct storing the size parameter and defining an operator() receiving a string and returning the result of the comparison.

// Need a function object if the comparator has parameters. 
struct string_size_equals 
{ 
  std::size_t size; 
 
  bool operator()(const std::string& string) const 
  { 
    return string.size() == size; 
  } 
}; 
 
bool has_string_of_size 
(const std::vector<std::string>& strings, std::size_t s) 
{ 
  string_size_equals comparator = {s}; 
 
  return 
    std::find_if(strings.begin(), strings.end(), comparator) 
      != strings.end(); 
}

How the Problem is Solved

Having the comparators as independent objects or functions is nice if they are used in many places, but for a single use it is undoubtedly too verbose. And confusing too. Wouldn’t it be clearer if the single-use comparator was declared next to where it is used? Hopefully this is something we can use with lambdas, starting with C++11:

bool has_string_of_size 
(const std::vector<std::string>& strings, std::size_t s) 
{ 
  // Only three lines for the equivalent of the type 
  // declaration, definition and the instantiation. 
  // The third argument is a lambda. 
  return std::find_if 
    (strings.begin(), strings.end(), 
     [=](const std::string& string) -> bool 
     { 
       return string.size() == s; 
     }) 
    != strings.end(); 
}

The Internals of Lambdas

A declaration like

[a, b, c]( /* arguments */ ) -> T { /* statements */ }

is equivalent to

struct something 
{ 
  T operator()( /* arguments */ ) const { /* statements */ } 
 
  /* deduced type */ a; 
  /* deduced type */ b; 
  /* deduced type */ c; 
};

Actually the compiler will create a unique type like this struct for every lambda we write.

More conceptually, the parts of a lambda are the following:

Where:

• capture is a list of variables from the parent scope that must be accessible inside the lambda. Use [=] to tell the compiler to automatically copy any variable used by the lambda, or [&] to keep a reference to the corresponding variables from the parent scope. Variables can also be captured in a fine-grained way, e.g. [=a, &b] to copy the value of a but store a reference to b.
• arguments are the arguments of the function.
• By default the variables captured by value cannot be assigned to in the body, unless we put the mutable keyword in specifier. In effect, it removes the const from operator().
• return_type is the type of the value returned by this function, if any, or void otherwise. Contrary to any other function, the return type appear after the argument list instead of before.
• body is the body of the function.